I learned about extended globbing today, in bash.

I wanted to free up some disk space on my tiny macbook, so I ran a scan with Grand Perspective. I saw an unusually large file in the git repo for Fira that I cloned (really I just wanted the .otf files, but cloning the whole thing seemed easier). Somewhere in the Fira directory lurked a ~300 MB file. I just wanted to verify that’s where it was, nothing fancy.

So the goal is: show regular entries (README.md) and dotted/hidden entries (.git) altogether.

ls shows hidden files, but doesn’t show you anything about size, of course:

9281 ~/Dropbox/Fonts/Fira (master u=)
ls -la
total 88
drwxr-xr-x@  17 dude  staff   578 Oct 25 12:39 .
drwxr-xr-x@ 108 dude  staff  3672 Dec  6 20:10 ..
-rw-r--r--@   1 dude  staff  6148 Oct 25 12:40 .DS_Store
drwxr-xr-x@  12 dude  staff   408 Feb  2 19:05 .git
-rw-r--r--@   1 dude  staff  4515 May 31  2015 LICENSE
-rw-r--r--@   1 dude  staff   169 May 31  2015 README.md
-rw-r--r--@   1 dude  staff    65 May 31  2015 bower.json
drwxr-xr-x@  37 dude  staff  1258 May 31  2015 eot
-rw-r--r--@   1 dude  staff  7379 May 31  2015 fira.css
-rw-r--r--@   1 dude  staff  8128 May 31  2015 index.html
drwxr-xr-x@  37 dude  staff  1258 May 31  2015 otf
-rw-r--r--@   1 dude  staff   618 May 31  2015 package.json
drwxr-xr-x@   4 dude  staff   136 Oct 25 12:39 source
drwxr-xr-x@  38 dude  staff  1292 May 31  2015 technical reports
drwxr-xr-x@  37 dude  staff  1258 May 31  2015 ttf
drwxr-xr-x@  37 dude  staff  1258 May 31  2015 woff
drwxr-xr-x@  37 dude  staff  1258 May 31  2015 woff2

It says .git is 408 bytes, but Grand Perspective determined that was a lie. (of course, ls is just showing the size of the directory entry, not the total size)

My go-to du -hs ./* didn’t pull up .-directories, which I knew included the main offender:

9282 ~/Dropbox/Fonts/Fira (master u=)
du -hs ./*
8.0K    ./LICENSE
4.0K    ./README.md
4.0K    ./bower.json
5.2M    ./eot
8.0K    ./fira.css
8.0K    ./index.html
 11M    ./otf
4.0K    ./package.json
101M    ./source
 54M    ./technical reports
 13M    ./ttf
6.1M    ./woff
4.4M    ./woff2

I couldn’t find a -a option for du, so I needed something else. Of course, ./* itself doesn’t match hidden directories. I can use the glob ./.*, but then I only get hidden directories. I wanted them all in one listing:

9284 ~/Dropbox/Fonts/Fira (master u=)
du -hs ./.*
513M    ./.
654M    ./..
8.0K    ./.DS_Store
319M    ./.git

extglob & dotglob

There are a couple ways to get to where I wanted:

  1. use the dotglob shell option, which will change the globbing convention to include matching an initial dot

  2. use the extglob shell option to give you better globs

I prefer the second option. Here’s the first, for completeness:

9280 ~/Dropbox/Fonts/Fira (master u=)
shopt -s dotglob

9281 ~/Dropbox/Fonts/Fira (master u=)
du -hs ./*
8.0K    ./.DS_Store
319M    ./.git
8.0K    ./LICENSE
4.0K    ./README.md
4.0K    ./bower.json
5.2M    ./eot
8.0K    ./fira.css
8.0K    ./index.html
 11M    ./otf
4.0K    ./package.json
101M    ./source
 54M    ./technical reports
 13M    ./ttf
6.1M    ./woff
4.4M    ./woff2

This is nice since it excludes the . and .. entries automatically, but I’d rather include those by default and glob them out by hand. Here’s all there is to know about extended globs:

  1. they can describe regular languages, which makes them regular expressions
  2. they don’t look like regular expressions (the PCRE kind)
  3. their syntax is pretty simple (from man bash):
?(pattern-list)
     Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
*(pattern-list)
     Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
+(pattern-list)
     Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
@(pattern-list)
     Matches one of the given patterns
!(pattern-list)
     Matches anything except one of the given patterns

A pattern-list is a list of one or more patterns separated by a |.

So for example, *(foo)* will match foo.md, foofoo.md, and bar.md, but +(foo)* will not match bar.md.

The du I was looking for

So armed with shopt -s extglob, here we go:

9283 ~/Dropbox/Fonts/Fira (master u=)
du -hs ./?(.)*
513M    ./.
654M    ./..
8.0K    ./.DS_Store
319M    ./.git
8.0K    ./LICENSE
4.0K    ./README.md
4.0K    ./bower.json
5.2M    ./eot
8.0K    ./fira.css
8.0K    ./index.html
 11M    ./otf
4.0K    ./package.json
101M    ./source
 54M    ./technical reports
 13M    ./ttf
6.1M    ./woff
4.4M    ./woff2

I can exclude the . and .. entries with the extended glob ./!(.|..):

9289 ~/Dropbox/Fonts/Fira (master u=)
du -hs ./!(.|..)
8.0K    ./.DS_Store
319M    ./.git
8.0K    ./LICENSE
4.0K    ./README.md
4.0K    ./bower.json
5.2M    ./eot
8.0K    ./fira.css
8.0K    ./index.html
 11M    ./otf
4.0K    ./package.json
101M    ./source
 54M    ./technical reports
 13M    ./ttf
6.1M    ./woff
4.4M    ./woff2

Finally, a proper du. I don’t know how I went so long without this. It makes ls -a look kind of weird and unnecessary. I can get fancier, now, and start sorting / limiting:

9290 ~/Dropbox/Fonts/Fira (master u=)
du -ms ./!(.|..) | sort -n | tail -5
11  ./otf
14  ./ttf
54  ./technical reports
101 ./source
319 ./.git

Finis

You only get extended globs with bash 3+. Right now, OS X comes with 3.2.57 and you can install 4.3.42 from homebrew, so no looking back on my macbook. Don’t forget to turn on extglob, since it’s not enabled by default. (you can add it to your .bash_profile to use it in all new terminals)

9280 ~
echo 'shopt -s extglob' >> ~/.bash_profile

9281 ~
shopt extglob # in a new terminal
extglob         on

Happy hacking! Glob on.